QUÃO CONVINCENTE É A TEORIA POSITIVISTA DE H.L.A. HART?
(IM)PROCEDÊNCIA DAS CRÍTICAS
Palavras-chave:
Filosofia do Direito, Teorias do sistema legal, Hart, Dworkin
Resumo
Este artigo discute o sistema legal positivista tal como apresentado por Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart, que baseou seu trabalho na teoria do positivismo jurídico como afirmado inicialmente por Jeremy Bentham e John Austin. E mais, após analisar contrapontos, principalmente na obra de Ronald Dworkin, este escrito procura traçar cientificamente argumentos a fim de espargir infundadas críticas e leituras equivocadas da teoria hartiana, concluindo por uma avaliação de quão convincente permanece a teoria hartiana, a despeito de tantos debates e críticas sofridas ao longo de mais de quatro décadas.
Referências
AUSTIN, John (1832). The Province of Jurisprudence Determined. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Lecture I. Ed. W.E. Rumble, 1995.
BENTHAM, Jeremy. Critical assessments of leading political philosophers. First published, London: Edited by Routledge. 1993.
BENTHAM, Jeremy. Of Laws in General, H.L.A. Hart. London: Athlone Press 1970.
BLASI, Vincent. The Checking Value in First Amendment Theory. In: Law & Social Inquiry - Chicago: Jornal of the American Bar Foundation, Volume 2, Issue 3, July 1977, pp. 521–649.
BRÍGIDO, Carolina. Jornal O Globo. Um ano após norma, cartórios de SP têm mais de 700 casamentos gays. 01/03/2014, p. b2.
CARVALHO, Paulo de Barros. Curso de Direito Tributário. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 1991.
COLEMAN, J. & Shapiro, S. The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law, 1ª ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
DICKSON, Julie, "Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. ``Judicial Discretion''. The Journal of Philosophy. Vol. 60, No. 21. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division, Sixtieth Annual Meeting. (Oct. 10, 1963), pp. 624-638.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. ‘How Law is like Literature’ in Dworkin. R., A Matter of Principle, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1985.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. “Is There Really No Right Answer in Hard Cases?” reprinted in A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 101 e ss.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. “Objectivity and Truth: You’d Better Believe It,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 25 (1996), pp. 87–139.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. “On Gaps in the Law,” in Controversies about the Law’s Ontology, editions Neil MacCormick & Paul Amselek (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), pp. 84–90
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. “On Objectivity and Interpretation,” in A Matter of Interpretation , Law’s Empire, 76–86.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. Justice in Robes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 2006.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. Law's Empire. London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986; Simultaneous publication: Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1986.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. Taking Rights Seriously, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1977.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. The Model of Rules. (Model of Rules I). Chicago: The University of Chicago Law Review. 1967-1968, vol. 35, pp. 14 e ss.
ENDICOTT, Timothy A. O. ‘Putting Interpretation In Its Place’, Law and Philosophy, 13, 1994.
ENDICOTT, Timothy A. O. Vagueness in Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000.
FINNIS, John, "Natural Law Theories", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.) 2011, URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/natural-law-theories/, acesso em: 01/08/2015.
GAMA, Tácio Lacerda. Obrigação e crédito tributário: anotações à margem da teoria de Paulo de Barros Carvalho. Revista Tributária e de Finanças Públicas 11 (50), São Paulo: Editora Revista dos Tribunais. pp. 98-113, 2003.
GARDNER, John. Book Review, 121 LAW Q. REV. 329, 333 (2005) - reviewing LACEY, Nicola. A life of H.L.A. Hart: The nightmare and the noble dream, 2004.
GREEN, Leslie, "Legal Positivism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
GUEST, Stephen. Ronald Dworkin. Stanford: Stanford University Press, third edition, 2013, p. 127).
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. “American Jurisprudence through English Eyes: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream,” in Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), 139–40.
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals 4 Harv. L. Rev., 71, pp. 593-629
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. ‘Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals’, 4 Harvard Law Review, 71: 593–629. 1958.
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. “Legal Duty and Obligation,” in Essays on Bentham (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982) 149, 159.
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. The Concept of Law, edited by Penelope Bulloch & Joseph Raz. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2nd edition. 1994.
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. The Concept of Law. The Postscript - second edition 1994, first edition 1961, third edition. Ed ed.P. Bulloch and J. Raz. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2012.
LEITER, Brian. “Beyond the Hart/Dworkin Debate: The Methodology Problem in Jurisprudence”, American Journal of Jurisprudence 48: 17–51, 2003.
LEITER, Brian. Positivism, Formalism, Realism. Published by: Columbia Law Review Association, Inc. Columbia Law Review 99, pp, 1138-1164, n. 4, May (1999), p. 1142).
LEITER, Brian. The End of Empire: Dworkin and Jurisprudence in the 21st Century. U of Texas Law, Public Law Research Paper n. 70, Set./2004, pp. 4-5.)
MACCORMICK, Neil. “A Moralistic Case for A-moralistic Law”. Vol. 20, pp. 1-41. Valparaiso: Valparaiso Law Review. 1985.
PENNER, J. , Melissaris, E. McCoubrey & White’s Textbook on Jurisprudence (Oxford, Oxford University press, 5th edition 2012.
RAZ, Joseph, Authority, Law and Shapiro, Scott, “The ‘Hart-Dworkin’ Debate: A Short Guide for the Perplexed”, 2007.
RAZ, Joseph. “Legal Reasons, Sources and Gaps,” in The Authority of Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979); Republish: The Monist Vol. 68 1985, p. 295-324.
SEBOK, Anthony. Legal, Positivism. in American Jurisprudence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
SHAPIRO, Scott J., The "Hart-Dworkin" Debate: A Short Guide for the Perplexed. U of Michigan - Public Law Working Paper n. 77, March, 2007.
SIMMONDS, Nigel E. Central Issues in Jurisprudence. London; Sweet & Maxwell 4th edition 2013.
SLATER, J. Jurisprudence (Autumn term, Unit 1 - 5). Buckingham: University press of Buckingham 2014.
SOARES, Marcelo Negri. Constituição, devido processo legal e coisa julgada no processo civil. 1. Ed. – São Paulo: Artemis Editora & Art Mutatis Mutandis, 2015.
BENTHAM, Jeremy. Critical assessments of leading political philosophers. First published, London: Edited by Routledge. 1993.
BENTHAM, Jeremy. Of Laws in General, H.L.A. Hart. London: Athlone Press 1970.
BLASI, Vincent. The Checking Value in First Amendment Theory. In: Law & Social Inquiry - Chicago: Jornal of the American Bar Foundation, Volume 2, Issue 3, July 1977, pp. 521–649.
BRÍGIDO, Carolina. Jornal O Globo. Um ano após norma, cartórios de SP têm mais de 700 casamentos gays. 01/03/2014, p. b2.
CARVALHO, Paulo de Barros. Curso de Direito Tributário. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 1991.
COLEMAN, J. & Shapiro, S. The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law, 1ª ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
DICKSON, Julie, "Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. ``Judicial Discretion''. The Journal of Philosophy. Vol. 60, No. 21. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division, Sixtieth Annual Meeting. (Oct. 10, 1963), pp. 624-638.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. ‘How Law is like Literature’ in Dworkin. R., A Matter of Principle, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1985.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. “Is There Really No Right Answer in Hard Cases?” reprinted in A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 101 e ss.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. “Objectivity and Truth: You’d Better Believe It,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 25 (1996), pp. 87–139.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. “On Gaps in the Law,” in Controversies about the Law’s Ontology, editions Neil MacCormick & Paul Amselek (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), pp. 84–90
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. “On Objectivity and Interpretation,” in A Matter of Interpretation , Law’s Empire, 76–86.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. Justice in Robes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 2006.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. Law's Empire. London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986; Simultaneous publication: Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1986.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. Taking Rights Seriously, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1977.
DWORKIN, Ronald Myles. The Model of Rules. (Model of Rules I). Chicago: The University of Chicago Law Review. 1967-1968, vol. 35, pp. 14 e ss.
ENDICOTT, Timothy A. O. ‘Putting Interpretation In Its Place’, Law and Philosophy, 13, 1994.
ENDICOTT, Timothy A. O. Vagueness in Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000.
FINNIS, John, "Natural Law Theories", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.) 2011, URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/natural-law-theories/, acesso em: 01/08/2015.
GAMA, Tácio Lacerda. Obrigação e crédito tributário: anotações à margem da teoria de Paulo de Barros Carvalho. Revista Tributária e de Finanças Públicas 11 (50), São Paulo: Editora Revista dos Tribunais. pp. 98-113, 2003.
GARDNER, John. Book Review, 121 LAW Q. REV. 329, 333 (2005) - reviewing LACEY, Nicola. A life of H.L.A. Hart: The nightmare and the noble dream, 2004.
GREEN, Leslie, "Legal Positivism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
GUEST, Stephen. Ronald Dworkin. Stanford: Stanford University Press, third edition, 2013, p. 127).
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. “American Jurisprudence through English Eyes: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream,” in Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), 139–40.
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals 4 Harv. L. Rev., 71, pp. 593-629
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. ‘Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals’, 4 Harvard Law Review, 71: 593–629. 1958.
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. “Legal Duty and Obligation,” in Essays on Bentham (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982) 149, 159.
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. The Concept of Law, edited by Penelope Bulloch & Joseph Raz. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2nd edition. 1994.
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. The Concept of Law. The Postscript - second edition 1994, first edition 1961, third edition. Ed ed.P. Bulloch and J. Raz. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2012.
LEITER, Brian. “Beyond the Hart/Dworkin Debate: The Methodology Problem in Jurisprudence”, American Journal of Jurisprudence 48: 17–51, 2003.
LEITER, Brian. Positivism, Formalism, Realism. Published by: Columbia Law Review Association, Inc. Columbia Law Review 99, pp, 1138-1164, n. 4, May (1999), p. 1142).
LEITER, Brian. The End of Empire: Dworkin and Jurisprudence in the 21st Century. U of Texas Law, Public Law Research Paper n. 70, Set./2004, pp. 4-5.)
MACCORMICK, Neil. “A Moralistic Case for A-moralistic Law”. Vol. 20, pp. 1-41. Valparaiso: Valparaiso Law Review. 1985.
PENNER, J. , Melissaris, E. McCoubrey & White’s Textbook on Jurisprudence (Oxford, Oxford University press, 5th edition 2012.
RAZ, Joseph, Authority, Law and Shapiro, Scott, “The ‘Hart-Dworkin’ Debate: A Short Guide for the Perplexed”, 2007.
RAZ, Joseph. “Legal Reasons, Sources and Gaps,” in The Authority of Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979); Republish: The Monist Vol. 68 1985, p. 295-324.
SEBOK, Anthony. Legal, Positivism. in American Jurisprudence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
SHAPIRO, Scott J., The "Hart-Dworkin" Debate: A Short Guide for the Perplexed. U of Michigan - Public Law Working Paper n. 77, March, 2007.
SIMMONDS, Nigel E. Central Issues in Jurisprudence. London; Sweet & Maxwell 4th edition 2013.
SLATER, J. Jurisprudence (Autumn term, Unit 1 - 5). Buckingham: University press of Buckingham 2014.
SOARES, Marcelo Negri. Constituição, devido processo legal e coisa julgada no processo civil. 1. Ed. – São Paulo: Artemis Editora & Art Mutatis Mutandis, 2015.
