DISEASE OF THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC IN DACHSHUNDS: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Abstract
The literature on diseases of the intervertebral disc in Dachshund dogs is analyzed. It is a frequent clinical condition in small animals by which intervertebral discs degenerate or rupture, with contusion and/compression of the spine medulla. There are two classical modes: Hansen Type I, or the extrusion of the disc with acute clinical effects, and Hansen Type II, with protrusion of the disc with a slow clinical progression of the intervertebral disc. The non-compressive acute extrusion of the pulpous nucleus and the acute extrusion of the hydrated pulpous nucleus have been recently been identified. Clinical diagnosis includes hyperaesthesia on the touching of the spine, sensorial ataxia, proprioceptive deficits, response changes in spinal reflexes, ambulatory or non-ambulatory paresis. Diagnosis is based on records, neurological clinical exams and complementary image exams such as myelography, magnetic resonance or computerized tomography. Clinical treatment consists of absolute rest, analgesics and anti-inflammatory medicine. Surgery is recommended when there is high neurological dysfunction degree to ease decompression of the spinal medulla. Disease may affect dogs of all types and ages, although condrodystrophic races, such as the Dachshund, may have between 10 and 12 times the chance of developing the disease. Prevalence is higher than in other races and may be due to anatomic conformation and race-specific genetic predisposition, with susceptibility genes in chromosomes 12 and 18.References
AIKAWA, T. et al. Recurrent thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion after hemilaminectomy and concomitant prophylactic fenestration in 662 chondrodystrophic dogs. Veterinary Surgery, v. 41, n. 3, p. 381-390, mar., 2012. Disponível em: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/DOI/pdf/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.00970.x>. Acesso em: 18 Mar. 2019.
ARIAS, M. V. B. et al. Avaliação dos resultados clínicos após cirurgia descompressiva em cães com doença de disco intervertebral. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. v. 59, n. 6, p. 1445-1450, 2007. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-09352007000600015>. Acesso em: 28 Jan. 2019.
BERGKNUT, N. et al. The dog as an animal model for intervertebral disc degeneration?. Spine, v. 37, n. 5, p. 351-358, 2011. Disponível em: <https://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/Abstract/2012/03010/The_Dog_as_an_Animal_Model_for_Intervertebral_Disc.2.aspx>. Acesso em: 22 Fev. 2019.
BERGKNUT, N. et al. Intervertebral disc degeneration in the dog. Part 1: Anatomy and physiology of the intervertebral disc and characteristics of intervertebral disc degeneration. The Veterinary Journal, v. 195, n. 3, p. 282-291, 2013. Disponível em: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023312004595>. Acesso em: 15 Mar. 2019.
BRISSON, B. A. Intervertebral disc disease in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Guelph, v. 40, p. 829-858, 2010. Disponível em: <https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/20732594>. Acesso em: 18 Jun. 2019.
BUSH, W. W. et al. Functional outcome following hemilaminectomy without methylprednisolone sodium succinate for acute thoracolumbar disk disease in 51 non‐ambulatory dogs. Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care, v. 17, n. 1, p. 72-76, 2007. Disponível em: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2006.00202.x>. Acesso em: 08 Jun. 2019.
DA COSTA, Ronaldo Casimiro; DEWEY, Curtis Wells. Neurologia Canina e Felina. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Editora Guará, 2017.
DE DECKER, S.; FENN, J. Acute herniation of nondegenerate nucleus Pulposus: acute noncompressive nucleus Pulposus extrusion and compressive hydrated nucleus Pulposus extrusion. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.vetsmall.theclinics.com/article/S0195-5616(17)30093-1/abstract>. Acesso em: 17 Mai 2019.
DE RISIO, L. et al. Association of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings with outcome in dogs with presumptive acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion: 42 cases (2000–2007). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 234, n. 4, p. 495-504, 2009. Disponível em: <https://avmajournals.avma.org/DOI/abs/10.2460/javma.234.4.495>. Acesso em: 12 Mai. 2019.
DENNY, Hamish R.; BUTTERWORTH, Stephen J. Cirurgia ortopédica em cães e gatos. 4° ed., São Paulo: Editora Roca, p. 193-205, 2006.
DOLERA, M. et al. Hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion in dogs: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and microsurgical findings. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, v. 57, n. 1, p. 58, 2015. Disponível em: <https://actavetscand.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13028-015-0151-x>. Acesso em: 05 Jan. 2019.
DORN, M.; SEATH, I. J. Neuter status as a risk factor for canine intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) in dachshunds: a retrospective cohort study. Canine genetics and epidemiology, v. 5, n. 1, p. 11, 2018. Disponível em: <https://cgejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40575-018-0067-7>. Acesso em: 20 Fev. 2019.
FENN, J. et al. Comparison of clinical signs and outcomes between dogs with presumptive ischemic myelopathy and dogs with acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 249, n. 7, p. 767-775, 2016. Disponível em: <https://avmajournals.avma.org/DOI/abs/10.2460/javma.249.7.767>. Acesso em: 14 Abr. 2019.
FERNÁNDEZ, Valentina Lorenzo. BERNARDINI, Marco. Neurologia em cães e gatos. São Paulo:MEDVET livros. 1ed. 2010. 452p.
FESTUGATTO, Rafael et al. Functional recovery of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease submitted the surgical treatment. Ciência Rural, vol. 38, n. 8, p. 2232-2238, nov., 2008. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0103-84782008000800022&script=sci_arttext>. Acesso em: 05 Mar. 2019.
FOSSUM, T. W. Small animal surgery (3rd). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier, P it, 2005, 1610p.
HAKOZAKI, T. et al. Cervical intervertebral disk herniation in chondrodystrophoid and nonchondrodystrophoid small-breed dogs: 187 cases (1993–2013). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 247, n. 12, p. 1408-1411, 2015. Disponível em: <https://avmajournals.avma.org/DOI/abs/10.2460/javma.247.12.1408>. Acesso em: 07 Fev. 2019.
HECHT, S. et al. Myelography vs. computed tomography in the evaluation of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion in chondrodystrophic dogs. Veterinary radiology & ultrasound, v. 50, n. 4, p. 353-359, 2009. Disponível em: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/DOI/abs/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01549.x>. Acesso em: 11 Mar. 2019.
HENKE, D. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with traumatic intervertebral disk extrusion with or without spinal cord compression: 31 cases (2006–2010). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 242, n. 2, p. 217-222, 2013. Disponível em: <https://avmajournals.avma.org/DOI/abs/10.2460/javma.242.2.217>. Acesso em: 25 Mai. 2019.
JEFFERY, N. D. et al. Factors associated with recovery from paraplegia in dogs with loss of pain perception in the pelvic limbs following intervertebral disk herniation. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 248, n. 4, p. 386-394, 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26829270>. Acesso em: 05 Jun. 2019.
JENSEN, V. F.; ARNBJERG, J. Development of intervertebral disk calcification in the dachshund: a prospective longitudinal radiographic study. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, v. 37, n. 3, p. 274-282, 2001. Disponível em: <https://www.jaaha.org/DOI/abs/10.5326/15473317-37-3-274>. Acesso em: 27 Jan. 2019.
JENSEN, V. F. et al. Quantification of the association between intervertebral disk calcification and disk herniation in Dachshunds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 233, n. 7, p. 1090-1095, 2008. Disponível em: <https://avmajournals.avma.org/DOI/abs/10.2460/javma.233.7.1090>. Acesso em: 09 Mai. 2019.
JENSEN, V. F.; CHRISTENSEN, K. A. Inheritance of disc calcification in the dachshund. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, v. 47, n. 6, p. 331-340, 2000. Disponível em: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/DOI/abs/10.1046/j.1439-0442.2000.00297.x >. Acesso em: 02 Mai. 2019.
KRANENBURG, Hendrik-Jan C. et al. Intervertebral disc disease in dogs–Part 2: Comparison of clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and histological findings in 74 surgically treated dogs. The Veterinary Journal, v. 195, n. 2, p. 164-171, 2013. Disponível em: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S109002331200233X>. Acesso em: 23 Mar. 2019.
LAPPALAINEN, A. K.; MÄKI, K.; LAITINEN-VAPAAVUORI, O. Estimate of heritability and genetic trend of intervertebral disc calcification in Dachshunds in Finland. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, v. 57, n. 1, p. 78, 2015. Disponível em: <https://actavetscand.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13028-015-0170-7>. Acesso em: 28 Jan. 2019.
LECOUTEUR, R. A.; GRANDY, J. L. Doenças da medula espinhal. In: ETTINGER, S. J.; FELDMAN, E. C. Tratado de medicina interna veterinária: moléstias do cão e do gato. 5. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2004, p. 664-694.
MANUNTA, ML1 et al. Hydrated nucleus pulposus herniation in seven dogs. The Veterinary Journal, v. 203, n. 3, p. 342-344, 2015. Disponível em: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023314005255>. Acesso em: 18 Fev. 2019.
MCKEE, M. Intervertebral disc disease in the dog 1. Pathophysiology and diagnosis. In Practice, v. 22, n. 7, p. 355, 2000. Disponível em: <https://inpractice.bmj.com/content/22/7/355.short>. Acesso em: 26 Fev. 2019.
MOGENSEN, M. S. et al. Validation of genome-wide intervertebral disk calcification associations in dachshund and further investigation of the chromosome 12 susceptibility locus. Frontiers in genetics, v. 3, p. 225, 2012. Disponível em: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2012.00225/full>. Acesso em: 06 Jun. 2019.
OLBY, N. The pathogenesis and treatment of acute spinal cord injuries in dogs. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, v. 40, n. 5, p. 791-807, 2010. Disponível em: <https://www.vetsmall.theclinics.com/article/S0195-5616(10)00065-3/abstract>. Acesso em: 18 Abr. 2019.
OLBY, N.J.; JEFFERY, N.D. Pathogenesis and physiology of central nervous system disease and injury. In: TOBIAS, K.M.; JOHNSTON, S.A. Veterinary surgery small animal. 7ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012. p. 374-387.
OLBY, N. J. et al. A placebo‐controlled, prospective, randomized clinical trial of polyethylene glycol and methylprednisolone sodium succinate in dogs with intervertebral disk herniation. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, v. 30, n. 1, p. 206-214, 2016. Disponível em: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/DOI/full/10.1111/jvim.13657>. Acesso em: 21 Mar. 2019.
PACKER, R.M.A. et al. Dachs Life 2015: an investigation of lifestyle associations with the risk of intervertebral disc disease in Dachshunds. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology, Hertfordshire, v. 3, n. 8, p. 1-15, 2016. Disponível em: <https://cgejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40575-016-0039-8>. Acesso em: 31 Jan. 2019.
PARKER, H. G. et al. An expressed fgf4 retrogene is associated with breed-defining chondrodysplasia in domestic dogs. Science, v. 325, n. 5943, 2009. Disponível em: <https://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5943/995>. Acesso em: 24 Jan. 2019.
PENHA, E. M. et al. Hemivértebras com fusão vertebral em cão - Relato de caso. PUBVET, v. 4, p. Art. 850-857, 2010. Disponível em: <http://www.pubvet.com.br/artigo/2307/hemiveacutertebras-com-fusatildeo-vertebral-em-catildeo-ndash-relato-de-caso>. Acesso em: 11 Mar. 2019.
PRYOR, B.; MILLIS, D. L. Therapeutic laser in veterinary medicine. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, v. 45, n. 1, p. 45-56, 2015. Disponível em: <https://www.vetsmall.theclinics.com/article/S0195-5616(14)00135-1/abstract>. Acesso em: 28 Mar. 2019.
ROHDIN, C. et al. Prevalence of radiographic detectable intervertebral disc calcifications in Dachshunds surgically treated for disc extrusion. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, v. 52, n. 1, p. 24, 2010. Disponível em: <https://actavetscand.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1751-0147-52-24>. Acesso em: 13 Abr. 2019.
ROSENBLATT, A. J. et al. Scorer and modality agreement for the detection of intervertebral disc calcification in Dachshunds. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, v. 60, n. 1, p. 60-62, 2018. Disponível em: <https://actavetscand.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13028-018-0416-2>. Acesso em: 22 Jan. 2019.
ROWLAND, J. W. et al. Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon. Neurosurgical focus, v. 25, n. 5, p. E2, 2008. Disponível em: <https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/25/5/article-pE2.xml>. Acesso em: 08 Fev. 2019.
ROYAUX, E. et al. Detection of compressive hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion in dogs with multislice computed tomography. The Veterinary Journal, v. 216, p. 202-206, 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023316301277>. Acesso em: 19 Mar. 2019.
ROYNARD, P. et al. Acupuncture for Small Animal Neurologic Disorders. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, v. 48, n. 1, p. 201-219, 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.vetsmall.theclinics.com/article/S0195-5616(17)30092-X/abstract>. Acesso em: 10 Mar. 2019.
SHARP, N. J. H.; WHEELER, S. J. Small animal spinal disorders: diagnosis and surgery. 2.ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby, 2005. [363p.]. Disponível em: <https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19942214873>. Acesso em: 12 Abr. 2019.
SMOLDERS, L. A. et al. Intervertebral disc degeneration in the dog. Part 2: chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic breeds. The veterinary journal, v. 195, n. 3, p. 292-299, 2013. Disponível em: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023312004339>. Acesso em: 25 Abr. 2019.
STIGEN, Øyvind; CIASCA, Taizha; KOLBJØRNSEN, Øyvor. Calcification of extruded intervertebral discs in dachshunds: a radiographic, computed tomographic and histopathological study of 25 cases. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, v. 61, n. 1, p. 13, 2019. Disponível em: < https://actavetscand.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13028-019-0448-2>. Acesso em: 09 Jun. 2019.
TOOMBS J. P.; WATERS, D. J. Intervertebral disc disease. In: SLATTER, Douglas H. (Ed.) Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. vol. 1. 3th ed. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia. 2003, p.1193-1208.
TOOMBS, J. P.; WATERS, D. J. Afecção do disco intervertebral. In: SLATTER, Douglas. Manual de cirurgia de pequenos animais. 3. ed. São Paulo: Manole, 2007. p. 1193-1208.
WIDMER, W. R.; THRALL, D. E. Canine and feline intervertebral disc disease, myelography, and spinal cord disease. In: THRALL, D.E. Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology. 4. ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2002. p. 110-127.
WITSBERGER, T. H. et al. As associações entre biomarcadores fluido cerebrospinal e evolução neurológica de longo prazo em cães com hérnia de disco intervertebral aguda. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. v. 240, p. 555-562, 2012. Disponível em: <https://www.repository.utl.pt/handle/10400.5/12005>. Acesso em: 17 Mar. 2019.
In case of approval, the e-mail of acceptance will contain a Letter of Copyright with authors´ name, personal data, and signature of all authors.
