Maternal and perinatal factors associated with the calorie and fat content of breast milk

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17765/2176-9206.2026v19e13656

Keywords:

Breastfeeding, Associated factors, Human milk, Fat content

Abstract

The objective was to evaluate maternal and perinatal factors associated with the caloric and fat content of milk from donors at a Human Milk Bank in Recife, Pernambuco. This study was conducted using records of the creamatocrit of breast milk from registered donors, and calories and fat content were correlated using Pearson’s test and associated with sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical, gestational, and perinatal variables using the chi-square test, adopting a statistical significance level of p < 0.05. A total of 141 donors composed the sample. A direct relationship was observed between caloric content and fat content, indicating that higher calorie levels were associated with higher fat concentrations in the milk. Colostrum was hyperlipidic in the presence of a partner, in cases of vaginal delivery, and among newborns with appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and large for gestational age (LGA) birth weights. During the transitional phase, milk was hypercaloric in situations of excessive pre-gestational weight, prematurity, and low birth weight, and was hyperlipidic when excessive pre-gestational weight, AGA, and LGA were present. It is concluded that maternal and perinatal factors are significantly associated with the caloric and fat composition of breast milk.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Myrella Hevellyn Rodrigues Neves, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Graduated in Nutrition from the Federal University of Pernambuco (2012). Specialist in Clinical Nutrition from the Uniprofessional Health Residency Program at UFPE-CAV at Hospital Barão de Lucena, Recife PE.

Keila Fernandes Dourado, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Associate Professor 4 of the Nutrition Course at the Academic Center of Vitória de Santo Antão of the Federal University of Pernambuco (CAV/UFPE) in the area of Clinical Nutrition. Sector Coordinator of the Residency Programs at CAV. Coordinator of the Training Institution of the Residency Program in Clinical Nutrition at Hospital Barão de Lucena. Coordinator of the School Clinic of the nutrition course at CAV/UFPE. Member of the Ethics Committee for research involving human beings at CAV/UFPE. PhD in Nutrition from UFPE (2010), Master in Nutrition (2005) from UFPE and Specialist in Nutrition from the Residency Program in Nutrition at Hospital das Clínicas-UFPE (2003). Experience in Clinical Nutrition working mainly on the following topics: Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular risk.

Fabiana Albuquerque Meirelles Villachan, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Nurse graduated from the Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE (2003). Specialization in the Nursing Residency in Women's Health (SES-PE/HBL). Specialization Lato Sensu in Clinical Management in Metropolitan Health Care Networks - emphasis: Maternal and Child. Nurse at the State Health Department of Pernambuco, assigned to the Barão de Lucena Hospital. Preceptor of the Nursing Residency in the specialty of Women's Health (HBL). Experience in management, maternal and child care and breastfeeding.

Maria Izabel Siqueira de Andrade, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Nutrition of the Federal University of Alagoas (FANUT/UFAL) and at the Postgraduate Program in Nutrition (PPGNUT) of UFAL. She is currently the coordinator of the Academic League of Maternal and Child Clinical Nutrition (LANCMI) and a Researcher at the Research Group on Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition (FANUT/UFAL). She holds a PhD in Nutrition from the Postgraduate Program in Nutrition of the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), a Master's Degree in Nutrition from UFPE, a Specialization in Clinical Nutrition from the Residency Program of the Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco (HC/UFPE), a Postgraduate Degree in Functional Clinical Nutrition from the Center for Functional Nutrition (VP/UNICSUL) and a Bachelor's Degree in Nutrition from the Academic Center of Vitória of the Federal University of Pernambuco (CAV/UFPE). He has experience in the area of ​​Clinical Nutrition, with an emphasis on chronic non-communicable diseases and food consumption, working mainly on the following topics: obesity and insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk, assessment of nutritional status and consumption of antioxidant micronutrients.

Deziderio Azevedo da Silva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Graduated in Nutrition from Universidade Salvador (2017) and graduated in Administration from Universidade Anhanguera - Uniderp (2013). Resident in clinical nutrition at UFPE-CAV (2023 - 2024). Has professional experience in the area of ​​Nutrition, with emphasis on Nutritional Therapy.

Camyla Vidal Alves, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Nutritionist from the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE). Master's degree in Nutrition from the Postgraduate Program in Nutrition (Posnutri/UFPE). Currently resident in Clinical Nutrition at Hospital Barão de Lucena/UFPE.

Renata Kelly Gomes Oliveira, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Resident in Clinical Nutrition by the Residency Program of Hospital Barão de Lucena (HBL). Graduated in Nutrition from the Federal University of Pernambuco - Academic Center of Vitória, bromatology monitor. Developed research of PIBIC/UFPE/CNPq with the aim of creating an affective cartography of (co)memorable foods of Pernambuco, extolling traditions, memories, culture and diversity. Developed research by PIBIC - Foundation for Support of Science and Technology of the State of Pernambuco (FACEPE), in the area of ​​behavioral factors related to the development of chronic non-communicable diseases. Has a Technical course in Agroindustry by the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pernambuco - Campus Vitória de Santo Antão. Developed research by PIBIC-Technical of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pernambuco, in the area of ​​physical-chemical analysis of functional fermented beverage using Vegetable milk. Has a mini-course in Writing Academic-Scientific Texts; Presentation of Scientific Results and Intellectual Property by the JIC/IFPE program.

References

1. Ramos, CV, Guerra JA, Médice, SRD, Ribeiro, LM, Costa MS da, Mendes JB, et al. Prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo e os fatores a ele associados em crianças nascidas nos Hospitais Amigos da Criança de Teresina – Piauí. Epidemiol Serv Saúde. 2010. [citado em 28 de mar 2024] 19(2):115-24. https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742010000200004.

2. Victora, CG, Bahl, R, Barros, AJD, França, JVA, Horton, S, Krasevec, J, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 2016 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 387(10017): 475-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01024-7.

3. Brasil, Ministério da saúde, Atenção Primária. Leite materno passa por transformações de acordo com cada etapa de desenvolvimento do bebê. 2022 [Internet] [citado em 28 de mar 2025] Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/noticia/18377.

4. Calil, VMLT, Falcão, MC. Composição do leite humano: o alimento ideal. Rev Med. 2003 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 82(4):1-10. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v82i1-4p1-10.

5. ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. BLA-IFF/NT Distribuição de leite humano ordenhado. Rio de Janeiro.2021 [Internet] [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 1(52):1-10. Disponível em: http://intranet.hsjb.org.br/i_hsjb_sah/banco_leite/protocolos/19-%20Distribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20de%20Leite%20Humano%20Ordenhado.pdf

6. Freitas, RF, Macedo, MS, Lessa, AC, Pinto, NAVD, Teixeira, RA. Relação entre o índice de qualidade da dieta de nutrizes e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite materno. Rev paul pediatr. São Paulo. 2021 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 39(89):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2019089

7. Marano, D, Melo, RX, Silva, DA,Vilarim, MM, Moreira, MEL.Composição nutricional do leite humano e sua associação com fatores maternos e perinatais. Rev paul pediatr. São Paulo.2024 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 42(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2024/42/2023001

8. Jesus, ER, Pereira, EM, Rigo, DCA, Aires, LCP. Perfil do aleitamento materno exclusivo em uma maternidade pública do sul do Brasil. Saud Pesq. Maringá - PR.2024 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 17(3)12562. https://doi.org/10.17765/2176-9206.2024v17n3.e12562

9. Melo, RX. Fatores maternos e perinatais associados à composição nutricional do leite humano de doadora de Banco de Leite Humano. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Dissertação de Mestrado.Rio de Janeiro – RJ. 2020 [citado em 28 de mar 2025]. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/47333

10. Oliveira, E, Marano, D, Amaral, Y, Notarbartolo, V, Abranches, A, Soares, F, et al. O excesso de peso modifica a composição nutricional do leite materno? uma revisão sistemática. Cien Saude Colet. 2020 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 25(10):3969-80. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202510.29902018

11. Santiago, LTC, Meira Júnior, JD, Freitas, NA, Kurokawa, CS, Rugolo, LMSS. Colostrum fat and energy content: effect of gestational age and fetal growth. Rev paul pediatr. 2018 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 36(3):286-91.https://doi.org/10.1590/19840462/;2018;36;3;00006

12. Lakatos, EM, Marconi, MA. Fundamentos de metodologia científica. 8ª ed. São Paulo: Atlas; 2017 [citado em 07 de jul 2025]. Disponível em: https://ia804601.us.archive.org/7/items/Fundamentos_de_metodologia_cientfica_8._ed._-_www.meulivro.biz/Fundamentos_de_metodologia_cientfica_8._ed._-_www.meulivro.biz.pdf

13. Gil AC. Métodos e técnicas de pesquisa social. 7ª ed. São Paulo: Atlas; 2017[citado em 07 de jul 2025]. Disponível em: https://ayanrafael.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/gil-a-c-mc3a9todos-e-tc3a9cnicas-de-pesquisa-social.pdf

14. WHO. World Health Organization. Child growth standards - methods and development: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age. Geneva. 2006 [Internet][citado em 28 de mar 2025]. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/924154693X

15. Kac, G, Carrilho, TRB, Rasmussen, KM, Reichenheim, ME, Farias, DR, Hutcheon, JA. Gestational weight gain charts: results from the Brazilian Maternal and Child Nutrition Consortium. Am J Clin.Nutr. 2021 [citado em 28 de mar 2025]113(5):1351-60. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa402

16. WHO. World Health Organization. Guidelines on optimal feeding of low birth weight infants in low-and middle-income countries. Geneva p. 16–45. 2011 [Internet] [citado em 28 de mar 2025]. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548366

17. Villar, J, Ismail, LC, Victora, CG, Ohuma, EO, Bertino, E, Altman, DG, et al. International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: the Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. Lancet. 2014 [citado em 28 de mar 2025]384(9946):857-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60932-6

18. ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. BLA-IFF/NT: Leite Humano Ordenhado: Determinação do Crematócrito. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT, 2011. 6p. [Internet] [citado em 28 de mar 2025]. Disponível em: https://rblh.fiocruz.br/sites/rblh.fiocruz.br/files/usuario/79/nt_30.11_determinacao_crematocrito_lho.pdf

19. Silva, RC, Escobedo, JP, Gioielli, LA, Quintal, VS, Ibidi, SM, Albuquerque, EM. Composição centesimal do leite humano e caracterização das propriedades físico-químicas de sua gordura. Quim Nov. 2007 [citado em 28 de mar 2025]30(7):1535-38. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000700007

20. Calil, VMLT, Leone, CR, Ramos, JLA. Composição nutricional do colostro de mães de recém-nascidos de termo adequados e pequenos para a idade gestacional. II - Composição nutricional do leite humano nos diversos estágios da lactação. Vantagens em relação ao leite de vaca. Pediatr. São Paulo- SP.1992 [citado em 28 de mar 2025]14(1):14-23. Disponível em: https://www.academia.edu/download/35251773/83.pdf

21. Martins, KPS, Santos, VG, Leandro, BB, Oliveira, OMA. Transição nutricional no Brasil de 2000 a 2016, com ênfase na desnutrição e obesidade. Ask inf saude. Rio de Janeiro-RJ. 2021 [citado em 28 de mar 2025]1(2):113–32. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2003000700019

22. Moreira, MEL, Lucena, SL, Magalhães, PSC, Rocha, AD, Costa, ACC, Soares, FVM. Macronutrientes do leite materno de recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso: análise segundo idade gestacional e variáveis maternas. Rev paul pediatr. 2021 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 39(20199097):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2019097

23. Oliveira, RKG, Dourado, KF, Brasil, ECL, Andrade, MIS, Marinho; ABGF, Alves, et al. Determinantes socioeconômicos do estado nutricional de gestantes de alto risco em um hospital público. Rev Delos. Curitiba-PR.2025 [citado em 28 de mar 2025]18(63):1-29 https://doi.org/10.55905/rdelosv18.n63-155

24. Rehem, R, Tasca, R, Padilha, F, Almeida, B, Eleone, A, Aguillar, A, et al. Os desafios da regionalização do SUS de acordo com a visão de atores estratégicos. Estudo Institucional 11. IEPS. Rio de Janeiro-RJ. 2023 [Internet] [citado em 28 de mar 2025]. Disponível em: https://ieps.org.br/estudo-institucional-11/

25. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos. Departamento de Gestão e Incorporação de Tecnologias em Saúde. Diretrizes nacionais de assistência ao parto normal: versão resumida. Brasília-DF. 51 p. 2017 [Internet] [citado em 28 de mar 2025]. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/diretrizes_nacionais_assistencia_parto_normal.pdf

26. Prior, E, Santhakumaran, S, Gale, C, Philipps, LH, Modi, N, Hyde, MJ. Breastfeeding after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta analysis of world literature. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 [citado em 07 de jul 2025] 95(5):1113-35 https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.030254

27. Nommsen, LAR, Chantry, CJ, Peerson, JM, Cohen, RJ, Dewey, KG. Delayed onset of lactogenesis among first-time mothers is related to maternal obesity and factors associated with ineffective breastfeeding. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 [citado em 07 de jul 2025] 92(3):574–84 https//doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29192

28. IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019. Atenção primária à saúde e informações antropométricas. Rio de Janeiro-RJ 70 p. 2020 [Internet] [citado em 28 de mar 2025]. Disponível em: https://www.pns.icict.fiocruz.br/wpcontent/uploads/2021/12/liv101846.pdf

29. Oliveira, RAM, Cônsolo, FZ, Gauna, SC, Oliveira, F MP. Nutrição enteral precoce em neonatos prematuros e com baixo peso: uma revisão integrativa. Multitemas. 2022 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 27(66):151–73. https://doi.org/10.20435/multi.v27i66.3606

30. Rizzi,MEC, Loureiro, RJ. Fatores, recursos e consequências psicossociais na amamentação: uma análise qualitativa das perspectivas das puérperas. Rev Foco. 2024 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 17(11):1-20. https://doi.org/10.54751/revistafoco.v17n11-008

31. Campos, LA, Polettini, J, Moraes, LL, Silva, BDM, Saek, EK, Ferrari, DVJ et al. Via de parto: influência no teor de gorduras do colostro de nutrizes em maternidade do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Res Soc Dev. 2021 [citado em 28 de mar 2025]10(2):1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12165

32. Chen, C, Chen, H, Hsu, H. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in Taiwan: a population-based birth cohort study. J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 17(4):1221-31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041221

33. Nowak, M, Kalwa, M, Oleksy, P, Marszalek, K, Radon-Pokracka, M, Huras, H. The relationship between pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and neonatal birth weight: a retrospective cohort study. Ginekol P. 2019 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 90(1):50-4. https://doi.org/10.5603/gp.2019.0008

34. Gomes, TGACB, Queiroz, MN, Costa, ABMP, Moreira, ACG. Desfechos perinatais relacionados a idade materna e comorbidades gestacionais nos nascimentos prematuros. Com Ciencias Saude. 2021 [citado em 28 de mar 2025] 32(1):43-8. https://doi.org/10.51723/ccs.v32i01.862

Published

2026-07-17

How to Cite

Neves, M. H. R., Dourado, K. F., Villachan, F. A. M., Andrade, M. I. S. de, Silva, D. A. da, Alves, C. V., & Oliveira, R. K. G. (2026). Maternal and perinatal factors associated with the calorie and fat content of breast milk. Saúde E Pesquisa, 19, e13656. https://doi.org/10.17765/2176-9206.2026v19e13656

Issue

Section

Artigos Originais