Challenges in understanding brain morphology: from visualization to quantification
Abstract
Neuronal morphology is analyzed in animal models to provide biological information difficult to obtain in humans. The above makes possible the study of neuro-psychiatric, such as Alzheimer´s disease, anxiety and others. Current study described methodology for rodents´ brains, two neuro-anatomic techniques, Klüver-Barrera and Golgi-Cox, and their respective quantification processes. Klüver-Barrera technique visualized the white and gray matter, particularly the myelin sheath. Golgi-Cox technique, adapted for current research, was efficient to visualize neurons and their prolongations, such as dendrites and dendritic spines, with quantification. Images by microscope described the different steps for the quantification, determination of volume of the brain´s internal structures (callous body and the hypocampus´s cell layer) coupled to the quantification of dendritic spines in pyramid neurons. Described and detailed methods will be useful in several fields of neuroscience.References
De Bellis MD, Keshavan MS, Shifflett H, Iyengar S, Beers SR, Hall J, Moritz G. Brain structures in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A sociodemographically matched study. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52:1066-78.
Teicher MH, Tomoda A, Andersen SL. Neurobiological consequences of early stress in chidhood maltreatment: are results from human and animal studies comparable? Annals New York Academy of Sciences. 2006;1071:313-32.
Bessa JM, Ferreira D, Melo I, Marques F, Cerqueira JJ, Palha JA, Almeida OFX, Sousa N. The mood-improving actions of antidepressants do not depend on neurogenesis but are associated with neuronal remodeling. Mol. Psychiatry. 2009;14:764-73.
Yun J, Koike H, Ibi D, Toth E, Mizoguchi H, Nitta A, Yoneyama M, Ogita K, Yoneda Y. Chronic restraint stress impairs neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent fear memory in mice: possible involvement of a brain-specific transcription Npas4. J Neurochemistry. 2010;114:1840-51.
Kitayama N, Brummer M, Hertz L, Quinn S, Kim Y, Bremmer D. Morphologic alterations in the corpus callosum in abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(12):1027-29.
Gibb R, Kolb B. A method for vibratome sectioning of Golgi-Cox stained whole rat brain. J Neurosci Methods. 1998;79:1-4.
Spruston N. Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9 (3):206-21.
Rosoklija GB, Petrushevski VM, Stankov A, Dika A, Jakjovski Z, Pavlovski G, Davcheva N, Lipkin R, Schnieder T. Reliable and durable Golgi staining of brain tissue from human autopsies and experimental animals. J Neurosc Methods. 2014;15(230):20-9.
Muhammad A, Kolb B. Maternal separation altered behavior and neuronal spine density without influencing amphetamine sensitization. Behav Brain Res. 2011;223:7-16.
Melo SR, Antoniazzi TD, Hossain S, Kolb B. Neonatal stress has a long-lasting sex-dependent effect on anxiety-like behavior and neuronal morphology in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Dev Neuroscience. 2018;40:93-103.
Klüver H, Barrera EA. A method for the combined staining of cells and fibers in the nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1953;12:400-3.
Horta Junior JA, Sita LV. Métodos para o estudo de citoarquitetura. In: Bittencourt JC, Elias CF. Métodos em Neurociências. São Paulo: Editora Roca; 2007. p. 17-32.
Simons M, Trajkovic K. Neuron-glia communication in the control of oligodendrocyte function and myelin biogenesis. J Cell Science. 2006;119:4381-89.
Nogueira MI, Barbieri C, Vieira R, Marques ER, Moreno JEH. A practical devide for histological fixative procedures that limits formaldehyde deleterious effectes in laboratory environments. J Neurosc methods. 1997;72:65-70.
Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Métodos quantitativos em Morfologia. Rio de Janeiro: EdUERJ, 1995.
Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Sydney: Academic Press, 1998.
Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Stereological Tools in Biomedical Research. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 2003;75(4):1-19.
Lin JB, Zheng CJ, Zhang X, Chen J, Liao WJ, Wan Q. Effects of tetramethylpyrazine on functional recovery and neuronal dendritic plasticity after experimental stroke. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;394926:1-10.
Zaqout S; Kaindl A. M. Colgi-Cox staining step by step. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 2016;10:1-7.
A Secretaria Editorial irá fornecer da um modelo de Carta de Concessão de Direitos Autorais, indicando o cumprimento integral de princípios éticos e legislação específica. Os direitos autorais dos artigos publicados nesta revista são de direito do autor, com direitos da revista sobre a primeira publicação. Os autores somente poderão utilizar os mesmos resultados em outras publicações, indicando claramente a revista Saúde e Pesquisa como o meio da publicação original. Em virtude de tratar-se de um periódico de acesso aberto, é permitido o uso gratuito dos artigos, principalmente em aplicações educacionais e científicas, desde que citada a fonte. A Saúde e Pesquisa adota a licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.
A revista se reserva o direito de efetuar, nos originais, alterações de ordem normativa, ortográfica e gramatical, com vistas a manter o padrão culto da língua e a credibilidade do veículo. Respeitará, no entanto, o estilo de escrever dos autores. Alterações, correções ou sugestões de ordem conceitual serão encaminhadas aos autores, quando necessário. Nesses casos, os artigos, depois de adequados, deverão ser submetidos a nova apreciação. As opiniões emitidas pelos autores dos artigos são de sua exclusiva responsabilidade.
